Section I. General Provisions (Articles 1-4)
Section II. Copyright (Articles 5-34)
Section III. Neighbouring Rights (Articles 35-43)
Section IV. Collective Management of Property Rights (Articles 44-47
Section V. Protection of Copyrights and Neighbouring Rights (Articles 48-50)

SECTION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Subject of Regulation
This Law regulates relations arising in connection with the creation and uses of works of science, literature and the arts (copyright), stage productions, and phonograms of radio broadcasting or cable TV organizations (neighbouring rights)
Article 2 Russian Legislation on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
The Russian legislation on copyright and neighbouring rights is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and consists of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, of this Law, Law of the Russian Federation No 3523-1 of September 23, 1992 on Legal Protection for Computer Programmes and Data Bases and of federal laws
Article 3. International Agreements
If an international agreement, to which Russia is a party, establishes rules other than those set forth hereunder, the rules of the international agreement shall prevail
Article 4. Basic Definitions
For the purposes of this Law the following terms shall have the following meanings
the author is a natural person who has created a work,
the audio-visual work is a work consisting of a fixed series of interrelated picture frames (accompanied or not accompanied by sound) meant for video and audio perception, by means of appropriate technical devices, the audio-visual works comprise cinematographic works and all works expressed by means similar to cinematography (TV films, videos, slide-films, transparency strips and the like), regardless of the method of their original or subsequent fixing,
data base is a presentable form of organizing a combination of data (articles, calculations and so on) systematized so as to make it possible to find and process such data with the help of a computer,
the reproduction of a work is the making of one or more copies of a work or a part thereof in any material form, including the form of an audio or video recording, the making in three dimensions of one or more copies of a two-dimensional work and in two dimensions of one or more copies of a three-dimensional work, the recording of a work in computer memory is also its reproduction,
the reproduction of a phonogram is the making of one or more copies of a recording or a part thereof in any material medium,
the recording is the fixing of sounds and/or images by means of technical facilities in any material form, making possible their repeated perception, reproduction or communication,
the producer of an audio-visual work is a natural or juridical person who that has assumed the initiative and responsibility for the production of such work, unless proved otherwise, the individual or legal entity, the name of which is indicated on an audio-visual work in the usual manner, is recognized as the producer of such work,
the producer of a phonogram is a natural or juridical person who has assumed the initiative and responsibility for the first audio recording of a performance or other sounds, unless proved otherwise, the natural or juridical person, the name of whom is indicated on a recording and/or on the cover thereof in the usual manner, is recognized as the producer of such recording,
the performance is the presentation of works, phonograms and stage productions by way of acting, recitation, singing or dancing either live or by dint of technical facilities (television and radio broadcasting, cable TV or other technical systems), the showing of images of an audio-visual work in their sequence (accompanied or not accompanied by sound),
the performer is an actor, singer, musician, dancer or other person playing the part, singing, reading, reciting, playing a musical instrument or
otherwise performing works of literature or the arts, including a variety-show, circus or puppet number, as well as the director/producer of a play and the conductor,
the publication of a work is the action taken with the author’s consent that for the first time makes his work accessible to the general public by way of its printing, public showing, public performance, broadcasting or otherwise,
the issue is the circulation of copies of a work or a phonogram with the consent of the author of such work or the producer of such recording in such quantities as are sufficient for meeting the reasonable requirements of the public, proceeding from the nature of such work or recording,
the broadcasting is the presentation of works, phonograms, performances, stagings and broadcasts of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations to the general public (including their showing or execution] by way of their transmission on the radio or television (with the exception of cable television) In the broadcasting of works, phonograms, performances, stagings and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations via a satellite, broadcasting is understood to mean the reception of signals from a ground station by the satellite, whereby works, phonograms, performances, stagings and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations can be brought to general notice, regardless of their actual reception by the public,
the programme of television, radio and cable broadcasting is a programme produced by a television, radio or cable broadcasting organization itself or under an order placed thereby and at its own expense by another organization,
the showing of a work is the demonstration of the original or a copy of a work directly or on a screen by means of film, a slide, a television frame or other technical facilities, as well as the demonstration of individual images of an audio-visual work without observing their sequence,
the subsequent broadcasting is the subsequent broadcasting of earlier broadcast works, phonograms, performances, stagings, and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations,
the computer programme is a presentable form of a combination of data and commands meant for the operation of computers and other computing devices with a view to obtaining a definite result, including preparatory material produced in the course of developing a computer programme and the audio-visual images generated thereby,
the work of applied art is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional work of art transmitted onto articles in practical use, including a handicraft or an industrially manufactured work,
the public showing, public performance or communication for the general public is any showing, performance or communication of works, phonograms, performances, stagings and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations either directly or by means of technical facilities in a place open to the general public or in a place attended by a substantial number of persons outside the usual family circle, regardless of whether such works, phonograms, performances, stagings, and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations are perceived in the place of their transmission or elsewhere simultaneously with the transmission of works, phonograms, performances, stagings, and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations,
the director/producer of a play is the person who has produced a theatrical, circus, puppet, variety or other show (spectacle),
the duplication is the facsimile reproduction in any size and form of one or more copies of the originals or copies of written or other graphic works by means of photocopying or with the help of other technical facilities, excluding printing, duplication does not comprise the storage or reproduction of said copies in the electronic (including digital), optical or other machine-readable form,
to lease (hire) is to provide a copy of a work or a phonogram for temporary use with the aim of deriving direct or indirect commercial profits,
to communicate is to show, perform, broadcast or take other action (save the distribution of copies of a work or a phonogram), whereby works,
recordings, performances, stagings and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations become accessible for audio or visual perception, irrespective of their actual perception by the public,
to bring to general notice by cable is to communicate works, phonograms, perfomances, stagings and programmes of television and radio broadcasting, and cable TV organizations to the general public by means of cable, wire, fiber optics or similar means,
the phonogram is any exclusively audio recording of a performance or other sounds,
the copy of a work is a copy of a work, made in any material form, and
the copy of a phonogram is a copy of a recording in any material medium, made directly or indirectly from a recording and including all or part of the sounds fixed in such a phonogram

SECTION II. COPYRIGHT
Article 5. The Sphere of Application of Copyright
1. Copyright
1) shall cover works published on the territory of the Russian Federation or unpublished but existing in some presentable form on the territory of the Russian Federation and recognized as belonging to the authors (successors thereof), regardless of their citizenship,
2) shall cover works published outside the Russian Federation or unpublished but existing in some presentable form outside the Russian Federation and recognized as belonging to the authors who are citizens of the Russian Federation (successors thereof),
3) shall cover works published outside the Russian Federation or unpublished but existing in some presentable form outside the Russian Federation and recognized as belonging to the authors (successors thereof) who are citizens of other states in compliance with international treaties made by the Russian Federation

2. A work shall also be deemed for the first time published in Russia, if it is published in its territory within 30 days of the date of its first publication outside Russia
3. In granting protection to a work in Russia pursuant to her international agreements, the author of such work shall be determined pursuant to the legislation of the State, in the territory of which the legal fact that has provided the grounds for gaming copyright has taken place
4. Under international treaties made by the Russian Federation shall be protected on the territory of the Russian Federation the works that have not become public property in the countries of their origin as a result of the expiry of the copyright duration established in such countries and that have not become public property in the Russian Federation as a result of the expiry of the copyright duration provided for by this Federal Law
When granting protection to a work under the international treaties made by the Russian Federation, the copyright duration on the territory of the Russian Federation may not exceed the copyright duration established in the country of the work’s origin
Article 6. Object of Copyright General Provisions
1. Copyright shall extend to the works of science, literature and the arts that are the result of creative activity, irrespective of the purposes or merits of such works, and the methods of expressing the same
2. Copyright shall cover both published and unpublished works existing in some presentable form, including writing form (manuscripts, typewritten works, musical notation, etc ),
- oral form (public pronouncement, public performance, etc ),
- sounds or video recording (mechanical, magnetic type, digital and optical recording, etc )
- image (drawing, sketch, painting, plan, diagram, cinema, television, video or photographic frame, etc ),
- three-dimensional form (sculpture, model, mock-up, structure, etc ), and
- other forms

3. Any part of a work (including its name), with meets the requirements of Para 1 of this Article and can be used independently, shall be an object of copyright
4. Copyright shall not apply to ideas, methods, processes, systems, methods, concepts, principles, discoveries, and facts
5. Copyright in a work shall not be connected with the right of ownership of the material object in which such work is expressed
The transfer of the right of ownership of such material object or the right of possession of the same shall not per se entail the transfer of any copyright in the work expressed in the said object other than in cases provided for by Article 17 of this Law
Article 7. Works Constituting Objects of Copyright
1. The objects of copyright shall include
- literary works (including computer programmes),
- dramatic and musical-dramatic works and scripts,
- choreographic works and pantomimes,
- musical works with or without any text,
- audio-visual works (movies, television films, videos, slide films, transparency strips and other cinematographic and TV works),
- paintings, sculptures, drawings, designs, graphic stories, comicstrips and other works of fine arts,
- works of applied and scenographic art,
- works of architecture, town planning and landscape gardening,
- photographic works and works produced by methods similar to photography,
- geographical, geological and other maps, plans, sketches and plastic works related to geography, topography and other sciences, and
- other works

2. Protection for computer programmes shall cover all software (including operating systems) which can be expressed in any language and any form, including the initial text and object code
3. The objects of copyright shall also include
- derivative works (translations, adaptations, annotations, abstracts, resumes, reviews, stage versions, musical arrangements and other revision of works of science, literature and the arts, and
- collections (encyclopaedias, anthologies and data bases) and other composite works representing by the selection and arrangement of included material the result of creative work
Derivative works and composite works shall be protected by copyright, regardless of whether the works on which they are based or which they include are objects of copyright
Article 8. Works That Are Not Objects of Copyright The following shall not be objects of copyright
- official documents (laws, judicial decisions, and other legislative, administrative and judicial texts), as well as their official translations,
- state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, banknotes and other national symbols and signs),
- works of folk art, and
- news reports on events and facts
Article 9. Origin of Copyright Presumption of Authorship
1. Copyright in a work of science, literature or the arts shall arise due to the fact of its production There shall be no need to register or otherwise specially formalize the work or observe any other formalities for copyright therein to arise and be exercised
The holder of exclusive copyrights may, for the purposes of announcing his rights, use the copyright protection sign, which shall be affixed to each copy of the appropriate work and consist of three components, namely
- Latin letter “C” in a circle,
- name of exclusive copyright holder, and
- year in which the work was first published

2. Unless proved otherwise, the person indicated as the author on the original or a copy of a work shall be regarded as its author
3. In the publication of a work anonymously or under a pseudonym (other than in cases where the author’s pseudonym does not leave any doubt as to his identity), the publisher, whose name or appellation is indicated on such work, shall be regarded, unless proved otherwise, the author’s representative pursuant to this Law and be entitled in this capacity to protect the rights of the author and cause them to be implemented This provision shall apply until the author of such work reveals his identity and declares his authorship
Article 10. Co-Authorship
1. Copyright in a work produced by the joint creative work of two or more persons (co-authorship), shall belong to the co-authors jointly, irrespective of whether such work forms an integral whole or consists of parts each of which has independent significance
A part of a work shall be deemed to be of independent significance if it can be used regardless of the other parts of such work Each of the co-authors may use the part of the work that has been created thereby and has independent significance at his own discretion unless otherwise provided for by the agreement between the co-authors
2. The right to use the work as a whole shall belong to the co-authors jointly
The relationship of the co-authors may be regulated by the agreement between them
If the work of the co-authors constitutes an integral whole, none of the co-authors may prohibit its use without sufficient grounds
Article 11. Copyright of Compilers of Collections and Other Composite Works
1. The author of a collection or other composite works (compiler) shall have copyright in the selection or arrangement of materials done thereby and representing the result of creative work (compilation)
The compiler shall enjoy copyright, provided he observes the rights of the authors of each of the works included in the composite work
The authors of works included in a composite work may use their works independently of the composite work unless otherwise provided for by the author’s contract
The compiler’s copyright shall not prevent other persons from the independent selection or arrangement of the same materials to produce their own composite works
2. The publishers of encyclopaedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, periodical and continued collections of scientific works, newspapers, magazines, journals and other periodicals shall enjoy the exclusive right to use such publications The publisher may indicate his name or demand such indication in any use of such publications
The authors of works included in such publications shall retain the exclusive rights to use their works independently of the publication as a whole
Article 12. Copyright of Translators and Authors of Other Derivative Works
1. Translators and the authors of other derivative works shall have copyright in their translations, adaptations, arrangements or other reworkmgs The translator or the author of some other derivative work shall enjoy copyright in his work provided he observes the rights of the author of the
work translated, adapted, re-arranged or otherwise reworked
2. The copyright of translators and the authors of other derivative works shall not prevent other persons from doing their own translations and adaptations of the same works
Article 13. Copyright in Audio-Visual Works
1. The authors of audio-visual work shall include
- the director/producer,
- the author of the script (scriptwriter),
- the author of a musical work, with or without any text, specially created for such audio-visual work (composer)
2. The conclusion of a contract for creating an audio-visual work shall involve the transfer by the authors of this work to the performer of the audio-visual work of the exclusive rights to reproduce, disseminate, perform in public form, to communicate by cable for public notice and broadcast by radio or television or to communicate for public purposes an audio-visual work, and also to subtitle and duplicate an audio-visual work, unless otherwise provided for by the contract The said rights shall operate during the time of operation of copyright in an audio-visual work
The producer of an audio-visual work may, in any use of such work, indicate his name or demand such an indication
3. In the public performance of an audio-visual work, the author of a musical work (with or without text) shall retain the right to remuneration for the public performance of his musical work
4. The authors of the works making part of the audio-visual works that existed earlier (the author of the novel that underlies the script and others) and those created in the process of work thereon (cameraman-producer, art-producer, etc ), may use copyright in each of these works author
Article 14. Copyright in Works Produced in Line of Duty
1. Copyright in a work created as part of job responsibilities or the employer’s job assignment (work created in line of duty) shall belong to the of such work
2. The exclusive rights to the user of a work created in line of duty shall belong to the person with whom the author maintains an employment arrangement (employer) unless otherwise provided for by the agreement between the same and the author
The amount of the author’s fees for each kind of use of a work created in line of duty and the procedure for paying such fees shall be determined by the agreement between the author and the employer
3. The employer may, in any use of a work created in line of duty, indicate his name or demand such an indication
4. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to the production of encyclopaedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, periodical and continued collections of scientific works, newspapers, journals, magazines and other periodicals (Para 2 of Article 11 of this Law) produced as part of job responsibilities or the employer’s job assignment
Article 15. Personal Non-property Rights
1. The author shall enjoy the following personal non-property rights with respect to his work
- the right to be recognized as the author of such work (copyright),
- the right to use or authorize uses of such work under the true name of the author, his pseudonym or without the indication of his name, i.e. anonymously (the right to name),
- the right to publish or authorize the publication of such work in any form (the right of publication), including the right of recall, and
- the right to protection for such work, including its name, against any distortion or any other encroachment thereon that can damage the honour or dignity of the author (the right to protection of the author’s reputation)

2. The author may revoke his earlier decision made on the publication of his work (the right to recall), provided that he compensates the user for the losses caused by such decision (including lost profit) If the work has already been published, the author shall be obliged to announce its recall in public In such case, he may withdraw from circulation, at his own expense, the earlier produced copies of such work The provisions of this clause shall not be applied to the creation of works in line of duty
3. The personal non-property rights shall belong to the author, regardless of his property rights and be reserved for him even after the concession of the exclusive rights to the uses of the work
Article 16. Property Rights
1. The author shall have the exclusive right to the uses of his work in any form and by any means
2. The author’s exclusive right to the uses of his work shall mean the right to perform or authorize the following actions
- reproduction of the work (right of reproduction),
- distribution of copies of the work by any means, including sale, lease (hire), etc (right of distribution),
- import of copies of the work for the purposes of distribution, including copies produced with the permission of the exclusive copyright holder (right of import),
- public demonstration of the work (right of public demonstration),
- public performance of the work (right of public performance),
- communication of the work (including its showing, performance or broadcasting] to the general public by broadcasting and/or subsequent broadcasting (right of broadcasting),
- communication of the work (including its showing, performance or broadcasting) to the general public by cable, wire or similar other facilities (right of communication to the general public by cable),
- translation of the work (right of translation), and
- adaptation, rearrangement or other reworking of the work (right of reworking)
2.1. The author’s exclusive rights to the uses of design, architectural, town planning and landscape gardening plans also include the practical implementation of such plans The author of the adopted architectural design shall be entitled to demand from the customer the right to take part in the realization of his own design during the elaboration of documents for the building up and the construction of a building or structure, unless otherwise provided for by the contract
3. If copies of a legitimately published work have been brought into civil circulation by means of their sale, they may be further distributed without the consent of the author and payment of author’s fees
The right to distribute copies of a work by leasing the same shall belong to the author, regardless of the right of ownership to such copies
4. The amount of author’s fees for each kind of use of a work and the procedure for calculating such fees shall be established in the author’s contracts, as well as in agreements concluded by the organizations managing the author’s property rights on a collective basis with the user
5. Restrictions on such authors’ rights as set for in Item 2 of this Article shall be imposed by Articles 17-26 of this Law, provided that such uses do not cause unjustified harm to the normal use of a work and do not unwarrantably infringe upon the lawful interests of the author
Article 17. Right of Access to Works of Fine Arts Right of Succession
1. The author of a work of fine arts may require that the owner of such work make it possible for the author to exercise his right to reproduction of his work (right of access) In such case, the owner of such work may not be required to deliver the work to the author
2. The transfer of the right of ownership of a work of fine arts (for a payment or free of charge) from the author to another person shall mean the first sale of such work
In each case of a public resale of a work of fine arts (through an auction, art gallery, art salon, shop, etc ) at a price exceeding the previous one by at least 20 per cent, the author shall be entitled to receive a remuneration from the seller amounting to 5 per cent of such reselling price (right of succession) Such right shall be inalienable and shall only pass onto the author’s heirs by law for as long as the appropriate copyright remains effective
Article 18. Reproduction of a Work for Personal Requirements Without the Author’s Consent and the Payment of Royalties
1. A legitimately published work may be reproduced without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties exclusively for personal requirements, other than in such cases as are envisaged by Article 26 of this Law
2. The provisions of Para 1 of this Article shall not apply with respect to
- reproduction of architectural works in the form of buildings and similar structures,
- reproduction of data bases or essential portions thereof,
- reproduction of computer programmes other than in cases provided for by Article 25 of this Law,
- reproduction of books (in full) and musical notations

Article 19. Use of a Work Without the Author’s Consent and Without the Payment of Royalties
1. The following shall be permitted without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties but with obligatory indication of the author’s name and the source of borrowing
1) citation in the original or in a translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes of legitimately published works in such amounts as may be justified by the purpose of such citation, including reproduction of excerpts from newspaper and magazine articles in the form of press reviews,
2) use of legitimately published works and excerpts therefrom as illustrations in publications, radio and television broadcasts and educational audio and video recordings in such amounts as may be justified by the objective set,
3) reproduction in newspapers, broadcasting or bringing to public notice by cable of legitimately published newspaper or magazine articles on current economic, political, social and religious issues or broadcast works of the same nature in cases where such reproduction, broadcasting or communication by cable have not been expressly prohibited by the author,
4) reproduction in newspapers, broadcasting or bringing to public notice by cable of publicly made political speeches, addresses, reports and other similar works in such amounts as may be justified by information requirements, with the author in such cases retaining the right to the publication of such works in collections,
5) reproduction or reporting for general knowledge in reviews of current developments by means of photography, broadcasting or bringing to public notice by cable of works that become seen or heard in the course of such developments in such amounts as may be justified by information requirements, with the author in such cases retaining the right to the publication of such works in collections, and
6) reproduction of legitimately published works without derivation of profits by using the Braille system or other special means for the blind, except for works specially produced for such means of reproduction
2. It shall be allowable without the author’s consent and without paying the author’s royalty to grant to libraries for temporary free use copies of works put into civil circulation in a legal way With this, copies of the works shown in the digital form, including copies of the works provided by way of the mutual use of library stocks, may be only granted for temporary free use on the premises of libraries on condition of making impossible to copy these works in digital form
Article 20. Uses of Works by Reproduction
The following may be reproduced in a single copy without extraction of profits without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties, but with obligatory indication of the author’s name and the source of borrowing
1) a legitimately published work by libraries and archives in order to restore or replace lost or spoiled copies and provide copies of such work to other libraries that no longer have such work in their collections for whatever reason,
2) individual articles and small-volume works legitimately published in collections, newspapers and other periodicals, and short extracts from legitimately published written works (with or without illustrations) by libraries and archives as requested by natural persons for educational or research purposes, and
3) individual articles and small-volume works legitimately published in collections, newspapers and other periodicals, and short extracts from legitimately published written works (with or without illustrations) by educational establishments to be used in classes
Article 21. Free Uses of Works Permanently Located in Places Accessible to the General Public
broadcast
A work of architecture, photography or fine arts that is permanently located in a place open to the general public may be reproduced,
or brought to public notice by cable without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties, other than in cases where the image of a work is the principal object of such reproduction, broadcasting or bringing to general notice by cable or where the image of a work is used for commercial purposes
Article 22. Free Public Performance
Musical works may be performed publicly without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties during official and religious ceremonies, as well as funerals, in such amounts as may be justified by the nature of such ceremonies
Article 23. Free Reproduction for Judicial Purposes
Works may be reproduced without the author’s consent and without the payment of royalties for the purposes of judicial proceedings in such amount as may be justified by these purposes
Article 24. Free Short-use Recording by Broadcasting Organizations
A radio or television broadcasting organization may make, without the author’s consent and without the payment of additional royalties, a short-use recording of a work that such organization has won the right to broadcast, provided that such recording is made by such broadcasting organization using its own equipment and for its own broadcasts In such case, such organization shall be obliged to destroy such recording within six months of its production unless a longer term has been agreed upon with the author of the recorded work Such recording may be preserved without the author’s consent in official archives, if such recording is of a purely documentary nature
Article 25. Free Reproduction of Computer Programmes and Data Bases Decompiling of Computer Programmes
1. A person legitimately owning a copy of a computer programme or a data base may, without obtaining permission from the author or other owner of exclusive rights to uses of such work and without paying any additional royalties
1) make changes to a computer programme or a data base exclusively for the purposes of its functioning on the user’s hardware, and perform any actions connected with the functioning of a computer programme or a data base according to its purposes, including recording and storage in computer memory (the memory of a single computer or a single net user), as well as correction of obvious mistakes, unless otherwise provided for by the agreement with the author, and
2) make a copy of a computer programme or a data base provided that such copy is intended only for archival purposes or for the replacement of a legitimately acquired copy in cases where the original of the computer programme or a data base has been lost, destroyed and may not be used for other purposes In this case the copy of a computer programme may not be used for other purposes than indicated in Subpara 1 of this Para and shall be destroyed, if possession of the copy of such computer programme or a data base ceases to be legitimate
2. A person legitimately owning a copy of a computer programme may, without the consent of the author or other holder of exclusive rights and without the payment of additional royalties, reproduce and convert the object code into the original text (decompile the computer programme) or instruct other persons to perform such actions, if these are required to achieve the ability of a computer programme independently developed by such person to interact with other programmes capable of interacting with decompiled programme, provided the following terms and conditions are observed
1) the information required to achieve such ability for interaction has not been previously accessible to such person from other sources,
2) such actions are limited to the portions of the decompiled computer programme to interact with other programmes,
3) information received as a result of decompiling may only be used to achieve the ability of the independently developed computer programme to interact with other programmes and may not be transferred to other persons other than in cases where this is required to achieve the ability of the independently developed computer programme to interact with other programmes, just as it may not be used to develop a computer programme essentially similar by its appearance to the decompiled computer programme or to perform any other action violating copyright
3. The application of the provisions of this Article shall not cause unjustified harm to normal uses of a computer programme or a data base and shall not unwarrantably infringe upon the lawful interests of the author or other holder of exclusive rights to such computer programme or a data base
Article 26. Reproduction of a Work for Personal Requirements Without the Author’s Consent But With the Payment of Royalties
1. As an exception from the provisions of Articles 37 and 38 of this Law, an audio-visual work or the audio recording of a work may be reproduced without the consent of the author, performer and phonogram producer, but with payment of royalties to them, exclusively for personal requirements
2. Royalties for such reproduction as is described by Para 1 of this Article shall be paid by the manufacturers or importers of the equipment (audio and video recorders and other equipment) and material media (audio and/or video tapes and cassettes, laser disks, compact discs and other material media) used for such reproduction
Such royalties shall be collected and distributed by one of the organizations managing the property rights of authors, phonogram producers and performers on a collective basis pursuant to an agreement among such organizations (Article 44 of this Law) Unless provided otherwise by such agreement, the said royalties shall be distributed as follows forth per cent shall go to the authors, thirty per cent shall go to the performers, and thirty per cent, to the phonogram producers
The amount of royalties and the terms and conditions of payment thereof shall be determined by an agreement between the afore-mentioned manufacturers and importers, on the one hand, and the organizations managing the property rights of authors, phonogram producers and performers on a collective basis, on the other hand, or, should the parties fail to reach such agreement, by a specially authorized agency of Russia
3. Royalties shall not be paid with regard to such equipment and material media as are listed in Para 2 of this Article, but are export products, and also to professional equipment not intended for use in home conditions
Article 27. Duration of Copyright
1. Copyright shall remain effective during the entire lifetime of the author and for 70 years after his/her death save the cases as are provided for by this Article
The right of authorship, the right to a name and the right for protection of the author’s reputation shall be protected indefinitely long
2. The author may nominate a person, in the same way as the executor is appointed for a will, who will protect the right of authorship, the right to a name and the right for protection of his or her reputation after his/her death This person shall perform his long-life powers
In the absence of such nomination the protection of the right of authorship, the right to a name or the right for protection of the author’s reputation
after his death shall devolve on his heirs or a specially authorized agency of Russia providing such protection in cases where there are no heirs or their copyright has expired
3. Copyright in a work published anonymously or under a pseudonym shall remain effective for 70 years from the date of its legitimate publication If during the said term the author of such work issued anonymously or under a pseudonym reveals his/her identity or there are no longer any
doubts as to his/her identity, the provision of the first paragraph of Para 1 of this Article shall apply
4. Copyright in a co-authored work shall operate during the entire lifetime and for 70 years after the death of the last author surviving the other co-authors
5. Copyright in a work published for the first time after the author’s death shall operate during 70 years after its publication
If the author was repressed and rehabilitated posthumously, the period of copyright protection envisaged by this Article shall begin to operate since January 1 of the year succeeding the year of rehabilitation
If the author worked during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 or participated in it directly, the copyright protection period, provided by this Article shall be prolonged for four years
6. The calculation of the period, envisaged by this Article, shall begin since January 1 of the year succeeding the year in which the juridical fact underlying the beginning of the running period took place
Article 28. Public Domain
1. Expiration of the effective period of copyright in a work shall mean the transfer of such work to public domain
2. Works in public domain may be freely used by any person without payment of royalties In such case, the right to authorship, the right to a name and the right to protection for the author’s reputation (Article 15 of this Law) shall be observed
3. The Government of the Russian Federation may establish cases where special deductions shall be paid for uses in the Russian territory of works in public domain Such deductions shall be paid into the professional funds of authors, and also to organizations managing authors’ property rights on a collective basis and may not exceed one per cent of the profit derived from uses of such works
Article 29. Transfer of Copyright by Succession Copyright shall be inherited
The right of authorship, the right to a name and the right to protection for the author’s reputation shall not be inherited The author’s heirs may protect the said rights These powers of the heirs shall not be limited by any term
In the author has no heirs, the said rights shall be protected by a specially authorized agency of the Russian Federation
Article 30. Transfer of Property Rights Author’s Contract
1. The property rights indicated in Article 16 of this Law may be transferred only pursuant to an author’s contract, except for the cases as are provided for by Articles 18-26 of this Law
Property rights may be transferred pursuant to the author’s contract on the transfer of exclusive rights or the author’s contract on the transfer of non-exclusive rights
2. The author’s contract on the transfer of exclusive rights shall permit uses of the appropriate work by a definite means and to such an extent as is established by the said contract only to the assignee and shall give such person the right to prohibit such uses of the said work to other persons
The right to prohibit uses of a work to other persons may be exercised by the author if the person to whom exclusive rights have been transferred does not protect such right
3. The author’s contract on the transfer of non-exclusive rights shall permit the user to use the appropriate work on the same footing with the holder of exclusive rights that has transferred such rights and/or other persons that have won permission to use the said work in the same manner
4. The rights transferred pursuant to an author’s contract shall be regarded as non-exclusive unless expressly indicated otherwise in such contract
Article 31. Terms and Conditions of the Author’s Contract
1. The author’s contract shall specify the ways in which the appropriate work may be used (specific rights transferred under such contract), the period and territory for which rights are transferred, the amount of royalties and/or the procedure for determining the same for each way of using said work, the procedure and timeframes for payment of such royalties, and such other terms and conditions as may be deemed essential to said contract by the parties thereto
Should the author’s contract not specify the term for which rights are transferred, such contract may be terminated by the author five years from the date of its conclusion by notifying in writing the user thereof six months prior to such termination
Should the author’s contract not specify the territory for which rights are transferred, the validity of the rights transferred thereunder shall be limited to the Russian territory
2. All the rights to uses of a work that have not been directly transferred under an author’s contract shall be deemed not transferred
Such rights to uses of a work that were unknown as of the moment of the conclusion of the author’s contract may not constitute the subject thereof
3. Royalties shall be determined in the author’s contract as a percentage of income from the appropriate way of using the work in question or, if this is impossible to do due to the nature of such work or the peculiarities of its use, as an amount fixed in the said contract or otherwise
The minimum rates of the author remuneration shall be establish by the Council of Ministers (Government) of the Russian Federation The minimum amounts of the author’s remuneration shall be indexated together with the indexation of the minimum amounts of wages and salaries
If the author’s contract on the publication or other reproduction of a work defines royalties as a fixed amount, such contract shall specify the maximum print-run of such work
4. The rights transferred pursuant to the author’s contract may be assigned, fully or in part, to other persons only if this is expressly indicated by such contract
5. Rights to uses of such works as may be created by an author in the future may not constitute the subject of the author’s contract
6. The condition of the author’s contract limiting the author as regards the creation of works on the given subject or in the field concerned in the future shall be invalid
7. Such terms and conditions of the author’s contract as run counter to the provisions of this Law shall be invalid

Article 32. The Form of the Author’s Contract
1. The author’s contract shall be in writing The author’s contract on uses of a work in periodicals may be concluded orally
2. In the sale of copies of computer programmes and data bases and the granting of access thereto to massive users, such special procedure for the contract conclusion may be employed as is established by the Russian Law on the Legal Protection of Computer Programmes or Data Bases
Article 33. The Author’s Contract for Order
1. Pursuant to the author’s contract for an order, the author shall undertake to create a work in accordance with the terms and conditions of such contract and transfer such work to the customer
2. The customer shall be obliged to pay an advance to the author against such royalties as may be determined by the contract The amount of such advance and the procedure and timeframe for paying the same shall be established in the contract as agreed upon by the parties thereto
Article 34. Liability Under the Author’s Contract
1. The party failing to perform its obligations under an author’s contract or performing them improperly shall be obliged to make up the other for the resultant losses, including lost profit
2. Should the author fail to submit an ordered work in accordance with the terms and conditions of a contract for an order, he/she shall be obliged to compensate the actual damage caused to the customer

SECTION III. NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS
Article 35. The Sphere of Validity of Neighbouring Rights
1. The rights of a performer shall be recognized as belonging thereto pursuant to this Law, if
1) the performer is a Russian citizen,
2) the performance or production has premiered in the Russian territory,
3) the performance or production has been recorded on a phonogram to be protected pursuant to the provisions of Item 2 of this Article, and
4) the performance or production not recorded on a phonogram has been included in a radio or television broadcast or in a cable TV programme to be protected pursuant to the provisions of Item 3 of this Article
2. The rights of a phonogram producer shall be recognized as belonging thereto pursuant to this Law, if
1) the phonogram producer is a Russian citizen or a legal entity with its official address in the Russian territory, and
2) the phonogram has been first published in the Russian territory
3. The rights of a radio or television broadcasting or a cable TV organization shall be recognized as belonging thereto pursuant to this Law, if its official address is in the Russian territory and it broadcasts by means of transmitters located therein
4. Under this Federal law, objects of neighbouring rights of foreign natural persons and legal entities shall be protected on the territory of the Russian Federation in compliance with international treaties made by the Russian Federation in respect of their appropriate performance, phonogram, broadcasting and cablecasting that have not become public property in the country of their origin as a result of the expiry of the neighbouring rights’ duration established in such country and that have not become public property in the Russian Federation as a result of the expiry of the neighbouring rights’ duration provided for by this Federal Law
Article 36. Subjects of Neighbouring Rights
1. The subjects of neighbouring rights shall include performers, phonogram producers and radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organizations
2. The producer of a phonogram or the radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organization shall exercise its rights, as set forth in this Section, to the extent of such rights as have been won under the agreement with the performer and the author of the work recorded on such phonogram or broadcast by radio and television or transmitted by cable
Permission to use a production that has been received from the director/producer of the play shall not preclude the need to obtain permission from the other performers involved in such production, as well as from the author of the work performed
3. The performer shall exercise such rights as are set forth in this Section, provided the rights of the author of the work performed are observed
4. No formalities shall need to be observed for neighbouring rights to arise and be exercised The producer of a phonogram and performer may, in order to announce their rights, use the neighbouring rights protection sign to be affixed to each copy of such phonogram and/or on each casing containing the same and consist of three components

- the Latin letter R in a circle,
- the name of the holder of exclusive neighbouring rights, and
- the year of the first publication of the phonogram
Article 37. Performer’s Rights
1. With the exception of such cases that are envisaged hereunder, the performer shall enjoy the following exclusive rights to his/her performance or production
- the right to a name,
- the right to protection for the performance or production from any distortion or other infringement that may cause harm to the honour and dignity of the performer, and
- the right to use the performance or production in any form, including the right to royalties for each way of using such performance or production
2. The exclusive right to use a performance or production shall mean the right to perform or authorize the performance of the following actions
1) broadcasting or bringing to general notice by cable of a performance or production, if the performance or production used for such broadcast has not been broadcast before or is not recorded,
2) recording of the previously unrecorded performance or production,
3) reproduction of a recording of the performance or production,
4) radio, television broadcasting or transmission by cable of a recording performance or production if such recording has originally been produced not for commercial purposes, and
5) leasing of a phonogram published for commercial purposes, which includes the performance or production involving the performer Such right in concluding of an agreement for the recording of such performance or production on a phonogram shall pass on to the phonogram producer, in such case the performer shall retain the right to royalties for leasing copies of such phonogram (Article 39 of this Law)
3. The exclusive right of the performer, as envisaged by Subpara 3 of Para 2 of this Article, shall not hold true in cases where
- the original recording of a performance or production is made for the same purposes for which the performer’s consent has been obtained,
- the reproduction of a performance or production is carried out for the same purposes for which the performer’s consent has been obtained in recording such a performance or production,
- the reproduction of a performance or production is carried out for the same purposes for which the recording has been made pursuant to the provisions of Article 42 of this Law

4. The authorizations indicated in Item 2 of this Article shall be issued by the performer or, with respect to a performance of a collective of performers, by the leader of such collective through the conclusion of a written agreement with the user
5. The permissions indicated in Subitems 1, 2 and 3 of Item 2 of this Article to subsequent broadcasts of a performance or production, to the making of a recording for broadcasting and to the reproduction of such recording by radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organizations shall not be required, if they are expressly envisaged by the performer’s agreement with the broadcasting or cable TV organizations The amount of royalties to the performer for such use shall also be fixed in such agreement
6. The conclusion of an agreement between the performer and the producer of an audio-visual work to produce such audio-visual work shall entail the granting by such performer of the rights which are indicated in Subitems 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Item 2 of this Article
The granting by the performer of such rights shall be limited to uses of an audio-visual work and, unless otherwise provided for in the agreement, shall not include rights to separate uses of the sound or image fixed in such audio-visual work
7. The exclusive rights of a performer, covered by Item 2 of this Article, may be transferred under an agreement to other persons
Article 38. The Phonogram Producer’s Rights
1. With the exception of such cases as are stipulated by this Law, the producer of a phonogram shall enjoy the exclusive rights to the uses of such phonogram in any form, including the right to receive royalties for each way of using such phonogram
2. The exclusive right to use a phonogram shall mean the right to perform or permit the performance of the following actions
1) reproduction of a phonogram,
2) transfer or other re-working of a phonogram,
3) distribution of copies of a phonogram, i.e. their sale, lease, etc ,
4) import of copies of a phonogram with a view to distributing the same, including the copies produced with the permission of the phonogram producer
3. If copies of a legitimately published phonogram have been put into civil circulation through their sale, they may be further distributed without the consent of a phonogram producer and without the payment of royalties
The right to distribute copies of a phonogram by leasing them shall belong to the producer of such phonogram regardless of the right of ownership of such copies
4. The exclusive rights of the producer of a phonogram, covered by item 2 of this Article, may be transferred under an agreement to other persons
Article 39. Uses of a Phonogram Published for Commercial Purposes Without the Consent of Phonogram Producer and Performer
1. As an exception to the provisions of Articles 37 and 38 of this Law, the following actions shall be allowed without the consent of the producer of a phonogram published for commercial purposes and of the performer recorded on such a phonogram, but with the payment of royalties
1) public performance of such a phonogram,
2) broadcasting of such a phonogram, and
3) transmission of such a phonogram for general notice by cable

2. Royalties envisaged by Item 1 of this Article shall be collected, distributed and paid out by one of the organizations managing the property rights of phonogram producers and performers on a collective basis [Article 44 of this Law) pursuant to an agreement among such organizations Unless such agreement provides otherwise, the said royalties shall be divided between the phonogram producer and the performer
3. The amount of royalties and the terms and conditions of payment thereof shall be determined by an agreement between the user of a phonogram or associations of such users, on the one hand, and organizations managing the property rights of phonogram producers and performers, on the other, or, should the parties fail to reach such agreement, by a specially authorized agency of Russia
The amount of royalty shall be established for each way of using the phonogram
4. Phonogram users shall provide such organization as is specified in Item 2 of this Article with programmes containing precise data about the amount of uses of a phonogram, and also other data and documents needed to collect and distribute royalties
Article 40. The Rights of Broadcasting Organizations
1. With the exception of such cases as are envisaged by this Law, a radio and television broadcasting organization shall enjoy the exclusive right to use its programme in any form and authorize its uses, including the right to receive royalties for granting such authorization
2. The exclusive right to authorize uses of a programme shall mean the right of a radio and TV broadcasting organization to permit the following actions

1) simultaneous broadcast of such programme by other broadcasting organization,
2) transmitting of such programme to a general notice by a cable,
3) recording of such programme,
4) reproduction of a recording of such programme, and
5) bringing of such programme to general notice in places where admission is for a fee
3. The exclusive right of a radio and TV broadcasting organization, envisaged by Subitem 4 of Item 2 of this Article, shall not apply to cases where
- the recording of a programme has been made with the consent of such broadcasting organization,
- the programme is reproduced for the same purposes for which it has been recorded pursuant to the provisions of Article 42 of this Law
Article 41. The Rights of Cable TV Organizations
- With the exception of such cases as are stipulated by this Law, the cable tv organization shall enjoy the exclusive rights to use its programms in any form and authorize uses of such programme, including the right to receive royalties for granting such authorization
1. The exclusive right to authorize uses of a programme shall mean the right of a cable TV organization to permit the following actions

1) simultaneous bringing to general notice by cable of such programme by another cable TV organization,
2) broadcast of such programme,
3) recording of such programme,
4) reproduction of a recording of such programme, and
5) bringing of such programme to general notice in places where admission is for a fee
3. The exclusive right of the cable TV organization, envisaged by Subitem 4 of Item 2 of this Article, shall not apply to cases where
- the programme has been recorded with the consent of the cable TV organization,
- the programme is reproduced for the same purposes for which it has been recorded according to the provisions of Article 42 of this Law
Article 42. Restrictions of the Rights of the Performer, Phonogram Producer, or Radio and Television Broadcasting or Cable TV Organization
1. As an exception to the provisions of Articles 37-41 of this Law, the performance, production, broadcast, cable transmission and their recordings, and also the reproduction of phonogram may be used and without the consent of the performer, phonogram producer and radio and television broadcasting or cable TV organization and without payment of royalties
1) in order to include short excerpts from such performance, production, phonogram, broadcast or cable transmission in a review of current developments,
2) exclusively for the purposes of instruction or scientific research,
3) in order to quote short excerpts from such performance, production, phonogram, broadcast or cable transmission provided that such citation is done for information purposes, in this case any use by radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organization of copies of a phonogram published for commercial purposes shall be allowed for broadcasting or cable transmission only in compliance with the provisions of Article 39 of this Law, and
4) in other cases established by the provisions of Section II of this Law concerning the restrictions on the property rights of authors of works of literature, science and the arts
2. As an exception to provisions of Articles 37-41 of this Law, the performance, production, broadcast, cable transmission and their recording may be used and a phonogram reproduced for personal requirements without the consent of the performer, phonogram producer, and radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organization and without payment of royalties A phonogram may be reproduced provided royalties are paid in accordance with Article 26 of this Law
3. The provisions of Articles 37, 38, 40 and 41 of this Law concerning the obtaining of permission from the performer, phonogram producer or radio and television broadcasting organization to make, for short-term use, recordings of a performance, production or programme, reproduce such recordings and reproduce a phonogram published for commercial purposes, if such recording for short-term use or reproduction is done by a radio or television broadcasting organization using its own equipment and for its own programme on the following terms and conditions
1) such broadcasting organization has obtained advance permission to broadcast the production, performance or programme with respect to which the recording for short-term use is made or such recording is reproduced in accordance with the provisions of this item, and
2) such recording is destroyed by such deadline as is established by recordings of works of literature, science and the arts made for short-term
uses by the broadcasting organization pursuant to the provisions of Article 24 of this Law, with the exception of a single copy which may be preserved in official archives based exclusively on its documentary nature
4. The restrictions envisaged by this Article shall apply without detriment to the normal uses of a phonogram, performance, production, broadcast or cable transmission and their recordings, as well as the works of literature, science and the arts included therein, and without any infringement of the lawful interests of the performer, phonogram producer, radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organization and the authors of the said works
Article 43. The Effective Period of Neighbouring Rights
1. The rights envisaged in this Section for the performer shall remain valid for 50 years after the first performance or production
The rights of the performer to the name and to the protection of performance or production from any distortion or any other infringement set in Article 37 of this Law shall be protected permanently
2. The rights envisaged in this Section for the producer of a phonogram shall remain valid for 50 years after the first publication of such phonogram or for 50 years after its first recording, if such phonogram has not been published during such term
3. The rights envisaged in this Section for radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organizations shall remain valid for 50 years after the first broadcast by such organization
4. The rights envisaged in this Section for cable TV organizations shall remain valid for 50 years after the first cable transmission by such organization
5. The terms envisaged by Items 1,2,3, and 4 of this Article shall begin to run from January 1 of the year following that in which the juridical fact providing the grounds for the commencement of such term took place
6. If the performer was repressed and rehabilitated posthumously, the period of copyright protection envisaged by this Article, shall begin to run since January 1 of the year succeeding the year of rehabilitation
If the performer worked during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 or participated in it, the period of copyright protection, envisaged by this Article, shall be increased by four years
7. The heirs (in the case of legal entities – successors in law) of a performer, phonogram producer, and radio and television broadcasting and cable TV organization shall inherit the right to authorize the use of the performance, production, phonogram and to broadcast by radio or television and cable transmission and the right to receive royalties for the remaining stretch of such term as is specified in Items 1, 2, 3, 4 of this Article

SECTION IV. COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
Article 44. Purposes of Collective Management of Property Rights
1. In order to secure the property rights of authors, performers, phonogram producers and other holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights in cases where it is difficult to exercise in practice such rights individually (in cases of a public performance, including on the radio and television, or reproduction of a work by way of mechanical, magnetic or other recording, duplication, etc ), organizations may be established to manage the property interests of said persons on a collective basis
Such organizations shall be established directly by the holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights and act within such powers as may have
been granted thereby pursuant to a charter to be endorsed in accordance with a statutory procedure
2. Either individual organizations with respect to different rights and different categories of right holders or organizations managing different rights in the interest of different categories of right holders or again, a single organization simultaneously managing copyright and neighbouring rights may be established
Article 45. Organizations Managing Property Rights on a Collective Basis
1. Pursuant to this Law, the organization managing property rights on a collective basis may not pursue commercial activities Such restrictions as are envisaged by antimonopoly legislation shall not apply to the activities of such organization
2. The powers to manage property rights collectively shall be delegated by the holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights on a voluntary basis pursuant to written agreements, as well as to appropriate agreements with foreign organizations managing similar rights Such agreements shall not be author’s contracts and shall not be covered by the provisions of Articles 30-34 of this Law
Any author, his/her heir or other holder of copyrights or neighbouring rights protected pursuant to Section III of this Law, may transfer under an agreement the exercise of his/her property rights to such organization, while the same shall be obliged to assume the exercise of such rights on a collective basis, if the management of such category of rights is among the statutory activities of such organization
Said organizations may not use works or objects of neighbouring rights which have been received for management on a collective basis
3. Based on such powers as have been received pursuant to Item 2 of this Article, the organization managing property rights on a collective basis shall issue licenses to users for the appropriate ways of using works and objects of neighbouring rights The terms and conditions of such licenses must be the same for all users in the same category Such organizations may not deny licenses to a user without valid reason
Such licenses shall permit all works and objects of neighbouring rights to be used in anyway envisaged therein and neighbouring rights, and shall be submitted on behalf of all the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights, including those that have not delegated powers to the organization pursuant to Item 2 of this Article
All possible property claims by the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights against users over uses of their works and objects of neighbouring rights under such licenses shall be settled by the organization granting such licenses
4. The organization managing property rights on a collective basis may keep unclaimed royalties, including the same in distributed amounts or by using it otherwise in the interest of the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights represented thereby, upon the expiry of three years from the date of receipt of royalties on the account of such an organization
Article 46. Functions of Organizations Managing Property Rights on a Collective Basis
The organization managing property rights on a collective basis shall perform the following functions in the name of the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights represented thereby and on the basis of the powers received from them
1) settling the amount of royalties and other terms and conditions on which licenses are granted with users,
2) issuing licenses to users to exercise rights managed by such organization,
3) settling the amount of royalties with users in such cases where such organization collects such royalties without the issuance of licenses ( Item 2 of Article 26, Items 2 and 3 of Article 39 of this Law),
4) collecting such royalties as are envisaged by licenses and/or such royalties as are envisaged by Subitem 3 of this Article,
5) distributing and paying such royalties as have been collected pursuant to Subitem 4 of this Article to the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights represented by such organization,
6) executing any legal action as may be necessary to protect the rights managed by such organization, and
7) performing any other activities in line with such powers as have been received from the holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights
Article 47. Duties of Organizations Managing Property Rights on a Collective Basis
1. The organization managing property rights on a collective basis shall work in the interest of holders of copyright and neighbouring rights represented by such an organization To this end the organization shall perform the following duties
1) simultaneously with paying royalties to submit accounts to holders of copyright and neighbouring rights about the use of their rights,
2) to use royalties collected in accordance with Subitem 4 of Article 46 of this Law exclusively for distribution and payment to holders of copyright and neighbouring rights At the same time, the organization may subtract from collected royalties the amounts to cover its expenses for collecting, distributing and paying royalties, and also the amounts that will be allocated to special funds set up by the organization with the consent and in the interest of holders of copyright and neighbouring rights it represents,
3) to distribute any pay collected royalties regularly, minus the amounts mentioned in Subitem 2 of this Item in proportion to the actual use of works and objects of neighbouring rights
2. The holders of copyrights and neighbouring rights, who had not empowered the organization to collect royalties envisaged in Subitem 4 of Article 46 of this Law, may demand that the organization pay royalties due to them in accordance with the distribution, and also exclude their works and objects of neighbouring rights from licenses granted by this organization to users

SECTION V. PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHTS AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS
Article 48. Violations of Copyrights and Neighbouring Rights Counterfeit Copies of a Work and Phonogram
1. The illegal use of works or objects of neignbouring rights or other violations of the copyright or neighbouring rights provided for by this Law shall entail civil, administrative or criminal liability in keeping with the legislation of the Russian Federation
2. An individual or legal entity failing to observe the requirements of this Law shall be a violator of copyright or neighbouring rights
3. The copies of a work or phonogram, the production or distribution of which involves violation of copyrights or neighbouring rights, shall be counterfeit
4. Copies of works and phonogram protected in Russia pursuant to this Law, which are imported into Russia without the consent of the holders of copyright and neighbouring rights from a State in which such works or phonograms have never been protected or ceased to be protected, shall also be counterfeit
Article 48.1. Technical Means of Protecting Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
1. Recognized as technical means of protecting copyright and neighbouring rights shall be any technical devices or components thereof controlling access to works or objects of neignbouring rights, preventing or limiting the commission of actions that are not allowed by the author, the
owner of neignbouring rights or other owner of exclusive rights in respect of works or objects of neighbouring rights
2. It shall not be allowable in respect of works or objects of neighbouring rights
1) to commit without a permission of the persons indicated in Item 1 of this Article actions aimed at lifting restrictions in respect of using works or objects of neighbouring rights established by way of using technical means of protecting copyright and neighbouring rights,
2) to manufacture, distribute, to hire out, to grant for temporary free use, to import or advertise any device or components thereof, to use them for the purpose of deriving incomes or to render services in the instances when as a result of such actions it becomes impossible to use technical means of protecting copyright and neighbouring rights or these technical means cannot ensure the proper protection of the said rights
Article 48.2 Information on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
1. Recognized as information on copyright and neighbouring rights shall be any information that identifies a work or an object of neighbouring rights, the author, the owner of neighbouring rights or other owner of exclusive rights, or information on the terms and conditions of using a work or an object of neighbouring rights that is contained on a copy of a work or an object of neighbouring rights, attached thereto or appears in connection with communication to the general public or bringing to the general public such work or object of neighbouring rights, as well as any figures or codes containing such information
2. It shall not be allowable in respect of works or objects of neighbouring rights

1) to remove or change without the permission of the persons indicated in Item 1 of this Article information on copyright and on neighbouring rights,
2) to reproduce, distribute, import for the purpose of distribution, to perform in public, to communicate to general public and to bring to the general public the works or objects of neighbouring rights in respect of which information on the copyright and neighbouring rights has been removed without the permission of the persons indicated in Item 1 of this Article
Article 49 Civil Law Ways of Protecting Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
1. The author, owner of neighbouring rights or other owner of exclusive rights shall be entitled to protect his rights using the ways provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
2. Owners of exclusive rights shall be entitled to demand at their choice of a violator, instead of reimbursement of damages, payment of compensation
in the amount from 10 thousand roubes to 5 million roubles determined at the discretion of a court, arbitration court or arbitration tribunal on the basis of the nature of the violation,
in the amount of the double cost of copies of works or objects of neighbouring rights or in the amount of the double cost of rights to the use of works or objects of neighbouring rights determined on the basis of the price that under comparable circumstances is usually recovered for the rightful use of works or objects of neighbouring rights
Owners of exclusive rights shall be entitled to demand of a violator payment of compensation for each instance of wrongful use of works or objects of neighbouring rights or for committing the offence on the whole
The compensation shall be recoverable on condition of the proof of the fact of committing the offence, regardless of the presence or absence of losses
3. Authors and perfomer, in the event of violating their personal non-property rights or property rights, shall be likewise entitled to demand of the violator the compensation for moral damage
4. The author, owner of neighbouring rights or other owner of exclusive rights shall be entitled in the procedure established by laws to apply for the protection of their rights to a court, arbitration court, arbitration tribunal, bodies of a public prosecutor’s office, inquiry bodies and bodies of preliminary investigation in compliance with their authority
5. An organisation managing property rights on a collective basis shall be entitled in the procedure established by laws to file with courts on its own behalf applications for the protection of violated copyrights and (or) neighbouring rights of the persons whose property rights are managed by such organisation
Article 49.1. Confiscation of Pirated Copies of Works and Phonograms
1. Pirated copies of works or phonograms, as well as the materials and equipment used for reproducing pirated copies of works and phonograms, and other instruments of committing an offence shall be subject to confiscation judicially in compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
2. Confiscated pirated copies of works or phonograms shall be subject to destruction, except for the instances of their passing over to the owner of the copyright or neighbouring rights at his request
Article 50. Judicial Guarantees in Cases of Violation of Copyrights and Neighbouring Rights
1. The court or the lone judge on his/her own, and also court of arbitration may decide to prohibit the defendant or the person believed with sufficient grounds to be a violator of copyrights or neighbouring rights, from performing certain actions (production, reproduction, sale, lease, import and other uses envisaged by this Law, and also transportation, storage or possession with the aim of issuing into civilian circulation of copies of works or phonograms assumed to be counterfeit)
2. The court or judge on his/her own, and also court of arbitration may decide to seize and confiscate all copies of works or phonograms believed to be counterfeit, and also materials and equipment meant for their production and reproduction
In the presence of sufficient data on the violation of copyrights or neighbouring rights the body of inquest, the investigator, the court of law or the sole judge shall be obliged to take measures to search for and sequestrate the copies of works and phonograms, if they are supposed to be counterfeit, and also the materials and equipment, intended for the production and reproduction of said copies of works and phonograms, including in requisite cases measures to seize them and to transfer them for safekeeping

Boris Yeltsin
President of the Russian Federation
Moscow, the House of Soviets of Russia